# Statute of Limitations (SOL) - All 50 States + DC

**Purpose:** Quick reference for property insurance claim filing deadlines
**Last Updated:** August 2026 (verified against statute text)

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## Important Notes

1. **Policy Suit Limitation Clauses** may be SHORTER than statutory SOL (commonly 1-2 years from loss) — but many states set a statutory floor or void contractual shortening entirely (see Special Policy Suit Limitation below)
2. **Discovery Rule** may extend SOL in some states (runs from discovery, not occurrence)
3. **Tolling** may apply during claim investigation (several standard fire policy statutes toll from notice of claim until written denial) or when insured is a minor/incapacitated
4. **Bad Faith SOL** often differs from contract SOL
5. **Always verify** current law - SOLs can change by legislation (FL 2023, LA 2024, MT 2025, OH 2021 and WI 2018 all changed periods listed here)

**Verification:** Every row was checked against the current statute text on the official legislature site (or a legal-publisher mirror where the official site could not be fetched). The Source column links to the controlling section; rows marked "(not confirmed from text)" rest on a mirror or on secondary knowledge because the official text could not be retrieved, and should be re-checked before being relied on. Cells state periods as "N yrs" with the section cited; "—" means no verified fact.

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## Master SOL Table

| State | Property Damage (Tort) | Breach of Contract | Bad Faith | Policy Suit Clause | Notes | Source |
|-------|------------------------|-------------------|-----------|-------------------|-------|--------|
| **Alabama** | 2 yrs — Ala. Code § 6-2-38(l) | 6 yrs — Ala. Code § 6-2-34(9) | 2 yrs (tort) — § 6-2-38(l) | Enforceable; no statutory minimum — 1-yr fire-policy suit clauses upheld | Bad faith is a tort (Chavers v. Nat'l Sec. Fire, 405 So.2d 1 (Ala. 1981)); § 6-5-370 is not the bad-faith statute (it is a general tort-remedy section) — cite Chavers instead | [Source](https://codes.findlaw.com/al/title-6-civil-practice/al-code-sect-6-2-38/) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Alaska** | 2 yrs — AS 09.10.070(a) | 3 yrs (oral or written) — AS 09.10.053 | 2 yrs (tort) — AS 09.10.070; State Farm v. Nicholson, 777 P.2d 1152 (Alaska 1989) | Enforceable; no statutory minimum found in AS 21.42 | First-party bad faith = tort (Nicholson) | [Source](https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp#09.10.053) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Arizona** | 2 yrs — A.R.S. § 12-542 | 3 yrs oral (§ 12-543) / 6 yrs written (§ 12-548) | 2 yrs (tort) — § 12-542; Noble v. Nat'l Am. Life, 128 Ariz. 188 (1981) | Min. 1 yr from date of loss for property policies (A.R.S. § 20-1115(A)(3)); 2 yrs from accrual for other lines | Bad faith = tort (Noble); § 20-1115(A)(3) sets statutory floor on suit clauses | [Source](https://www.azleg.gov/ars/20/01115.htm) |
| **Arkansas** | 3 yrs — Ark. Code § 16-56-105 | 3 yrs oral (§ 16-56-105) / 5 yrs written (§ 16-56-111) | 3 yrs (tort) — § 16-56-105 | NOT enforceable if shorter than written-contract SOL (5 yrs) — Ark. Code § 23-79-202(b) voids shorter policy periods | § 23-79-202: suit on property/life policy allowed within period for written promises; shorter policy clause void. High bad-faith standard (Aetna v. Broadway Arms) | [Source](https://codes.findlaw.com/ar/title-23-public-utilities-and-regulated-industries/ar-code-sect-23-79-202/) |
| **California** | 3 yrs — Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 338(b) | 2 yrs oral (§ 339) / 4 yrs written (§ 337) | 2 yrs (tort) — CCP § 339(1); Gruenberg v. Aetna, 9 Cal.3d 566 (1973) | 12 months after inception of loss (24 months for declared state-of-emergency losses) — Cal. Ins. Code § 2071; tolled from notice of claim to written denial (Prudential-LMI v. Superior Court, 51 Cal.3d 674 (1990)) | Bad faith = tort (Gruenberg); § 2071 standard fire policy governs suit period | [Source](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=INS&sectionNum=2071.) |
| **Colorado** | 2 yrs — C.R.S. § 13-80-102(1)(a) | 3 yrs (oral or written) — C.R.S. § 13-80-101(1)(a) (6 yrs only for liquidated debts, § 13-80-103.5) | 2 yrs (tort) — § 13-80-102(1)(a); § 10-3-1116 statutory claim SOL unsettled (courts have applied 2-yr tort or 3-yr § 13-80-101) | Homeowner policies may NOT shorten the statutory SOL — C.R.S. § 10-4-110.8(12) (policies issued/renewed on/after 1/1/2014); other property lines: enforceable | § 10-3-1116: 2x covered benefit + fees for unreasonable delay/denial; Rooftop Restoration v. Am. Family, 2018 CO 44 (1-yr penalty SOL § 13-80-103(1)(d) does not apply) | [Source](https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2023-title-13.pdf) |
| **Connecticut** | 2 yrs from discovery / 3-yr repose for negligent property damage — C.G.S. § 52-584; 3 yrs other torts — § 52-577 | 6 yrs — C.G.S. § 52-576(a) | 3 yrs (tort, § 52-577) / 3 yrs CUTPA (§ 42-110g(f)) / 6 yrs if pled in contract (§ 52-576) | 24 months after inception of loss — C.G.S. § 38a-307 standard fire policy (policies issued/renewed on/after 10/1/2014) | CUTPA/CUIPA claims = 3 yrs, not 6; § 38a-307 suit period was 12 mo → 18 mo (2009) → 24 mo (2014) | [Source](https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_700.htm) |
| **Delaware** | 2 yrs injury to personal property (10 Del. C. § 8107); 3 yrs real property/other (§ 8106) | 3 yrs — 10 Del. C. § 8106(a) | 3 yrs (contract) — § 8106; Tackett v. State Farm, 653 A.2d 254 (Del. 1995) | Enforceable; no statutory minimum located in 18 Del. C. | Bad faith = breach of implied covenant (contract) per Tackett | [Source](https://delcode.delaware.gov/title10/c081/index.html) |
| **District of Columbia** | 3 yrs — D.C. Code § 12-301(a)(3) | 3 yrs — D.C. Code § 12-301(a)(7) | 3 yrs (contract) — § 12-301(a)(7); Choharis v. State Farm, 961 A.2d 1080 (D.C. 2008) | Enforceable; no statutory minimum located in D.C. Code Title 31 | No independent bad-faith tort (Choharis) | [Source](https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/12-301) |
| **Florida** | 2 yrs negligence — Fla. Stat. § 95.11(5)(a) (HB 837, causes accruing after 3/24/2023; was 4 yrs) | 5 yrs written (§ 95.11(2)(b)); property-insurance breach: 5 yrs from date of loss (§ 95.11(2)(e)) | 4 yrs (statutory liability) — § 95.11(3)(e); § 624.155 civil remedy (verify — some courts apply 5-yr § 95.11(2)(b)) | NOT enforceable — § 95.03 voids contractual shortening of SOL; but notice of claim due within 1 yr of loss, supplemental 18 mo (§ 627.70132) | § 624.155 requires 60-day civil remedy notice (§ 624.155(3)); § 627.70132 notice deadlines function as the practical cutoff | [Source](https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0000-0099/0095/Sections/0095.11.html) |
| **Georgia** | 4 yrs — O.C.G.A. § 9-3-30 (realty), § 9-3-31 (personalty) | 4 yrs oral (§ 9-3-25) / 6 yrs written (§ 9-3-24) | 6 yrs — § 33-4-6 penalty is recovered in the action on the policy, so contract SOL (§ 9-3-24) governs; no tort bad faith | Enforceable; no statutory minimum — 1-yr (12-month) suit clauses routinely upheld | § 33-4-6: 60-day demand, penalty up to 50% of liability or $5,000 (greater) + fees; bad faith is statutory, not tort | [Source](http://ga.elaws.us/law/33-4-6) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Hawaii** | 2 yrs — HRS § 657-7 | 6 yrs — HRS § 657-1(1) | 2 yrs (tort) — § 657-7; Best Place v. Penn America, 82 Haw. 120 (1996) | Enforceable subject to HRS § 431:10-221 (policy may not limit suit period below statutory floor — verify text; site returned 403) | Bad faith = tort (Best Place) | [Source](https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol09_Ch0431-0435H/HRS0431/HRS_0431-0010-0221.htm) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Idaho** | 3 yrs — Idaho Code § 5-218(3) | 4 yrs oral (§ 5-217) / 5 yrs written (§ 5-216) | 4 yrs — § 5-224 (catch-all) applied to first-party bad faith | 12 months after inception of loss — Idaho Code § 41-2401 adopts NY 1943 standard fire policy (contains 12-month suit clause) | § 5-224 confirmed: 'relief not hereinbefore provided for … four years' | [Source](https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title5/T5CH2/SECT5-224/) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Illinois** | 5 yrs — 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (injury to property); 2 yrs is personal injury only (13-202) | 5 yrs oral (13-205) / 10 yrs written (13-206) | § 155 (215 ILCS 5/155) statutory penalty — no independent tort (Cramer v. Ins. Exch. Agency, 174 Ill.2d 513 (1996)); rides with 10-yr contract action, though some courts apply 5-yr 13-205 | 12 months after inception of loss (standard fire policy, 215 ILCS 5/397) — tolled from proof of loss to written denial (215 ILCS 5/143.1); 1-yr/2-yr clauses enforceable with tolling | 215 ILCS 5/143.1 tolling confirmed | [Source](https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/fulltext.asp?DocName=073500050K13-205) |
| **Indiana** | 2 yrs personal property/injury (IC 34-11-2-4); 6 yrs damage to real property (IC 34-11-2-7) | 6 yrs oral (IC 34-11-2-7) / 10 yrs written (IC 34-11-2-11) | 2 yrs (tort) — IC 34-11-2-4; Erie Ins. v. Hickman, 622 N.E.2d 515 (Ind. 1993) | Enforceable; 1-yr and 2-yr clauses upheld — no statutory minimum located (IC 27-1-13-16 is a coverage-change notice statute, not a suit-limitation statute) | Bad faith = tort (Hickman) | [Source](https://codes.findlaw.com/in/title-27-insurance/in-code-sect-27-1-13-16/) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Iowa** | 5 yrs — Iowa Code § 614.1(4) | 5 yrs oral (§ 614.1(4)) / 10 yrs written (§ 614.1(5)) | 5 yrs (tort) — § 614.1(4) 'all other actions' | 12 months after inception of loss — Iowa Code § 515.109 standard fire policy 'Suit' clause | Claim-preclusion rule: bad-faith claim generally must be brought with the contract action (Iowa) | [Source](https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/515.pdf) |
| **Kansas** | 2 yrs — K.S.A. 60-513(a)(1)-(2) | 3 yrs oral (60-512) / 5 yrs written (60-511(1)) | N/A — no first-party bad-faith tort (Spencer v. Aetna, 227 Kan. 914 (1980)); remedy is K.S.A. 40-256 attorney fees (40-908 for fire/tornado/hail policies) with the contract claim | Enforceable; no statutory minimum located | K.S.A. 40-908 fee-shifting for fire/tornado/lightning/hail policies confirmed | [Source](https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/chapters/ch60/060_005_0013.html) |
| **Kentucky** | 5 years (KRS 413.120(4),(6)) | 5 years oral (KRS 413.120(1)) / 10 years written if executed after 7/15/2014 (KRS 413.160); 15 years only for pre-7/15/2014 written contracts (KRS 413.090(2)) | 5 years (KRS 413.120(2) liability created by statute; UCSPA via KRS 446.070) | Enforceable, but not less than 1 year from accrual (KRS 304.14-370) | KRS 446.070 private action; Wittmer v. Jones. Written-contract SOL is 10 years for modern policies, not 15. | [Source](https://codes.findlaw.com/ky/title-xxxvi-statutory-actions-and-limitations/ky-rev-st-sect-413-160.html) |
| **Louisiana** | 2 years for damage sustained on/after 7/1/2024 (C.C. art. 3493.1, Acts 2024 No. 423); 1 year for earlier losses (former art. 3492, repealed) | 10 years (C.C. art. 3499) | 2 years (R.S. 22:1892 as amended by Acts 2024 No. 3 / SB 323, eff. 7/1/2024; R.S. 22:1973 repealed) | Enforceable, but not less than 24 months after inception of loss for first-party claims (R.S. 22:868(B)) | Act 3 (2024) merged 22:1973 into 22:1892 and codified 2-year prescription; Act 423 (2024) lengthened delictual prescription to 2 years | [Source](https://legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=1386443) |
| **Maine** | 6 years (14 M.R.S. § 752) | 6 years (14 M.R.S. § 752) | No first-party bad faith tort (Marquis v. Farm Family, 1994); 24-A M.R.S. § 2436-A statutory claim, no special SOL so 6 years (§ 752) | Enforceable, but not less than 2 years from accrual (24-A M.R.S. § 2433); standard fire policy: 2 years after inception of loss (24-A M.R.S. § 3002) | NO bad faith tort (Marquis); § 2436-A gives interest + attorney fees only | [Source](https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/24-A/title24-Asec2433.html) |
| **Maryland** | 3 years (Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101) | 3 years (CJP § 5-101) | 3 years (CJP § 5-101); statutory first-party claim under CJP § 3-1701 requires MIA decision under Ins. § 27-1001 first | NOT enforceable if shorter than statutory period: Ins. § 12-104 voids policy clauses setting a shorter time to sue than State law | MIA exhaustion (Ins. § 27-1001) required before CJP § 3-1701 suit; contractual shortening void (Ins. § 12-104) | [Source](https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gin&section=12-104&enactments=false) |
| **Massachusetts** | 3 years (G.L. c. 260 § 2A) | 6 years (G.L. c. 260 § 2) | 4 years for c. 93A/176D claims (G.L. c. 260 § 5A); 6 years contract (§ 2) | Enforceable; standard fire policy: 2 years from loss (G.L. c. 175 § 99) | Chapter 176D/93A; 93A = 4 years (c. 260 § 5A) | [Source](https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleV/Chapter260/Section5A) |
| **Michigan** | 3 years (MCL 600.5805(2)) | 6 years (MCL 600.5807(9)) | N/A: no first-party bad faith tort (Kewin v. Mass. Mut., 1980); contract 6 years; MCL 500.2006 12% penalty interest | Enforceable, but not less than 1 year after loss, tolled from notice of loss until formal denial (MCL 500.2833(1)(q)) | NO first-party bad faith tort (Kewin); Commercial Union v. Liberty Mutual (1985) is the third-party/liability bad faith case | [Source](https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-500-2833) |
| **Minnesota** | 6 years (Minn. Stat. § 541.05 subd. 1) | 6 years (§ 541.05 subd. 1(1)) | 6 years (§ 604.18 states no SOL; § 541.05 applies) | Enforceable; standard fire policy: 2 years after inception of loss (Minn. Stat. § 65A.01 subd. 3) | § 604.18 = statutory bad faith (taxable costs, no independent tort) | [Source](https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/65A.01) |
| **Mississippi** | 3 years (Miss. Code § 15-1-49) | 3 years (§ 15-1-49) | 3 years (§ 15-1-49) | NOT enforceable: Miss. Code § 15-1-5 voids any contractual change to statutory limitation periods | Universal Life v. Veasley; contractual suit-limitation clauses void (§ 15-1-5) | [Source](https://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/mscode/) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Missouri** | 5 years (RSMo 516.120) | 5 years (RSMo 516.120(1)); 10 years for a writing for payment of money (RSMo 516.110(1)), which some courts apply to insurance policies | 5 years (RSMo 516.120); vexatious refusal is statutory (RSMo 375.420) | NOT enforceable: RSMo 431.030 voids any contract term limiting time to sue | NO tort bad faith for first-party claims (Overcast v. Billings Mutual, 2000); § 375.420 vexatious refusal is the remedy | [Source](https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=431.030) |
| **Montana** | 2 years for injury to real or personal property (MCA 27-2-207); 3 years general tort (27-2-204) | 6 years written (MCA 27-2-202(1), as amended Ch. 174, L. 2025; was 8) / 5 years oral (27-2-202(2)) | UTPA: 2 years from violation for insureds, 1 year from settlement/judgment for third parties (MCA 33-18-242(8)); common-law 3 years (27-2-204) | NOT enforceable: MCA 28-2-708 voids contract terms limiting time to enforce rights | UTPA = 2 years insured, 1 year third-party; contractual limitation clauses void (28-2-708) | [Source](https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0270/chapter_0020/part_0020/section_0020/0270-0020-0020-0020.html) |
| **Nebraska** | 4 years (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-207) | 5 years written (§ 25-205) / 4 years oral (§ 25-206) | 4 years (§ 25-207 tort; Braesch v. Union Ins., 1991) | NOT enforceable if shorter than statute: § 44-357 bars policy provisions limiting time to sue to less than the statutory limitation period | Braesch 'fairly debatable'; policy cannot shorten SOL (§ 44-357) | [Source](https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=44-357) |
| **Nevada** | 3 years (NRS 11.190(3)(c)) | 6 years written (NRS 11.190(1)(b)) / 4 years oral (11.190(2)(c)) | 4 years common-law bad faith tort (NRS 11.220 catch-all, as applied by courts); 3 years for NRS 686A.310 statutory claim (NRS 11.190(3)(a) liability created by statute) | Enforceable; no minimum period found in NRS ch. 687B | NRS 686A.310 private right of action; Pemberton v. Farmers | [Source](https://www.leg.state.nv.us/nrs/nrs-011.html) (not confirmed from text) |
| **New Hampshire** | 3 years (RSA 508:4) | 3 years (RSA 508:4) | N/A first-party tort (Lawton v. Great Southwest Fire, 1978); contract 3 years | Enforceable; standard fire policy: 12 months after inception of loss (RSA 407:22) | NO first-party bad faith tort (Lawton); RSA 407:22 12-month suit clause | [Source](https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/XXXVII/407/407-22.htm) |
| **New Jersey** | 6 years (N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1) | 6 years (2A:14-1) | 6 years (2A:14-1); first-party common-law bad faith recognized (Pickett v. Lloyd's, 1993) | Enforceable; standard fire policy: 12 months after inception of loss (N.J.S.A. 17:36-5.20), tolled from claim filing to denial (Peloso v. Vanderbilt, 1970) | No private action under UCSPA (Pickett), but common-law first-party bad faith exists; 2022 IFCA (17:29BB) covers UM/UIM only | [Source](https://codes.findlaw.com/nj/title-17-corporations-and-institutions-for-finance-and-insurance/nj-st-sect-17-36-5-20.html) |
| **New Mexico** | 4 years for injury to property (NMSA 37-1-4) | 6 years written (NMSA 37-1-3(A)) / 4 years oral (37-1-4) | 4 years (37-1-4 catch-all; applies to common-law bad faith and NMSA 59A-16-30 statutory claims) | Enforceable; no statutory minimum located | Sloan v. State Farm (2004) landmark on punitive damages | [Source](https://codes.findlaw.com/nm/chapter-37-limitation-of-actions-abatement-and-revivor/nm-st-sect-37-1-4.html) (not confirmed from text) |
| **New York** | 3 years (CPLR 214(4)) | 6 years (CPLR 213(2)) | 6 years contract (CPLR 213(2)); NY recognizes no independent first-party bad faith tort (Rocanova; Bi-Economy for consequential damages) | Enforceable; CPLR 201 permits shorter period by written agreement; standard fire policy: 24 months after inception of loss (Ins. Law § 3404(e)) | Consequential damages in contract (Bi-Economy 2008); 2-year standard fire policy suit clause | [Source](https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/ISC/3404) |
| **North Carolina** | 3 years (N.C.G.S. 1-52(5)) | 3 years (1-52(1)); property insurance policy claims 3 years from inception of loss (1-52(12), 58-44-16) | 4 years for Chapter 75 / 58-63-15 UDTPA claims (N.C.G.S. 75-16.2); 3 years common-law bad faith tort (1-52(5)) | Statutory: 3 years after inception of loss (N.C.G.S. 58-44-16 standard fire policy; 1-52(12)) | Treble damages under 75-16; Ch. 75 SOL is 4 years, not 3 | [Source](https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_75/GS_75-16.2.html) |
| **North Dakota** | 6 years (N.D.C.C. § 28-01-16(3)-(5)) | 6 years (N.D.C.C. § 28-01-16(1)) | 6 years (tort; § 28-01-16(5)) | Contractual time limits void unless statute permits (N.D.C.C. § 9-08-05); 6-yr statute governs | "Fairly debatable" defense (Corwin Chrysler-Plymouth v. Westchester Fire) | [Source 1](https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t28c01.pdf), [Source 2](https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t09c08.pdf) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Ohio** | 4 years (R.C. 2305.09) | 4 years (oral, R.C. 2305.07) / 6 years (written, R.C. 2305.06, eff. 6/16/2021) | 4 years (tort; R.C. 2305.09(D)) | Enforceable; no statutory minimum (1-year clauses upheld) | Bad faith = tort (Zoppo v. Homestead, 1994) | [Source 1](https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2305.06), [Source 2](https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2305.07), [Source 3](https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2305.09) |
| **Oklahoma** | 2 years (12 O.S. § 95(A)(3)) | 3 years (oral) / 5 years (written) (12 O.S. § 95(A)(1)-(2)) | 2 years (tort; 12 O.S. § 95(A)(3)) | Min 1 year from date of loss for property policies (36 O.S. § 3617(3)); 2 years other lines | Christian v. American Home (1977) standard | [Source 1](https://oksenate.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/os12.pdf), [Source 2](https://oksenate.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/os36.pdf) |
| **Oregon** | 2 years (ORS 12.110(1)) — but injury to real/personal property 6 years (ORS 12.080(3)-(4)) | 6 years (ORS 12.080(1)) | 2 years (Moody negligence per se, ORS 12.110); contract 6 yrs; no 6-yr 'UTPA' claim | Min 24 months from inception of loss for fire policies (ORS 742.240) | Moody v. Oregon Community Credit Union (2023) — negligence per se via ORS 746.230 | [Source 1](https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_12.110), [Source 2](https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_12.080), [Source 3](https://oregon.public.law/statutes/ors_742.240) |
| **Pennsylvania** | 2 years (42 Pa.C.S. § 5524(3),(7)) | 4 years (42 Pa.C.S. § 5525(a)(8)) | 2 years (42 Pa.C.S. § 8371; Ash v. Continental Ins., 932 A.2d 877 (Pa. 2007)) | 12 months from inception of loss in standard fire policy (40 P.S. § 636(2)); enforceable | Bad faith = statutory tort; Terletsky standard | [Source 1](https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/42/00.055.024.000..HTM), [Source 2](https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/42/00.055.025.000..HTM), [Source 3](https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/42/00.083.071.000..HTM) |
| **Rhode Island** | 10 years for property damage (R.I.G.L. § 9-1-13(a) catch-all); 3 years applies only to injuries to the person (§ 9-1-14(b)) | 10 years (R.I.G.L. § 9-1-13(a)) | 10 years (§ 9-1-33 claim falls under § 9-1-13(a) catch-all) | 24 months from inception of loss in standard fire policy (R.I.G.L. § 27-5-3) | § 9-1-33 statutory bad faith + Bibeault v. Hanover (1979) | [Source 1](https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-1/9-1-13.htm), [Source 2](https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE9/9-1/9-1-14.htm), [Source 3](https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE27/27-5/27-5-3.htm) (not confirmed from text) |
| **South Carolina** | 3 years (S.C. Code § 15-3-530) | 3 years (S.C. Code § 15-3-530(1)) | 3 years (tort; § 15-3-530) | Enforceable (no statutory floor located) | Common-law first-party bad faith tort exists (Nichols v. State Farm, 1983); no private action under UCPA (Masterclean, 2001) | [Source](https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t15c003.php) (not confirmed from text) |
| **South Dakota** | 6 years (SDCL 15-2-13(3)-(5)) | 6 years (SDCL 15-2-13(1)) | 6 years (tort; SDCL 15-2-13(5)) | Contract clauses limiting time to sue are void (SDCL 53-9-6) unless statute authorizes | Bad faith = intentional tort (Champion v. USF&G, 1987) | [Source 1](https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/15-2-13.html), [Source 2](https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/53-9-6.html) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Tennessee** | 3 years (T.C.A. § 28-3-105(1)) | 6 years (T.C.A. § 28-3-109(a)(3)) | 6 years with contract claim (§ 56-7-105 penalty; § 28-3-109) — caution: § 28-3-104(a)(1)(C) 1-yr 'statutory penalties' argument | Enforceable (no statutory floor located) | § 56-7-105 25% penalty; 60-day formal demand required; no common-law tort | [Source 1](https://codes.findlaw.com/tn/title-28-limitation-of-actions/tn-code-sect-28-3-105/), [Source 2](https://codes.findlaw.com/tn/title-28-limitation-of-actions/tn-code-sect-28-3-109/), [Source 3](https://codes.findlaw.com/tn/title-56-insurance/tn-code-sect-56-7-105/) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Texas** | 2 years (CPRC § 16.003(a)) | 4 years (CPRC §§ 16.004(a)(3), 16.051) | 2 years (Ins. Code § 541.162; +180 days if inducement); common-law tort 2 yrs (§ 16.003) | Enforceable but min 2 years (CPRC § 16.070(a)); clauses <2 yrs void | Ch. 541 (unfair practices), Ch. 542 (prompt pay), Ch. 542A (weather claims) | [Source 1](https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._civ._practice_and_remedies_code_section_16.003), [Source 2](https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._civ._practice_and_remedies_code_section_16.004), [Source 3](https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._civ._practice_and_remedies_code_section_16.070), [Source 4](https://texas.public.law/statutes/tex._ins._code_section_541.162) |
| **Utah** | 3 years (Utah Code § 78B-2-305(1)(a)(i)-(ii), real & personal property); 4-yr catch-all § 78B-2-307(3) | 4 years (oral, § 78B-2-307) / 6 years (written, § 78B-2-309) — but first-party insurance: 3 years from inception of loss (§ 31A-21-313(1)) | 3 years from inception of loss (contract claim; § 31A-21-313(1); Beck v. Farmers) | Statutory: 3 years after inception of loss; policy may not shorten (§ 31A-21-313(1),(3)) | First-party = contract only (Beck v. Farmers, 1985) | [Source 1](https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title78B/Chapter2/78B-2-S305.html), [Source 2](https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title31A/Chapter21/31A-21-S313.html), [Source 3](https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title78B/Chapter2/78B-2-S309.html) |
| **Vermont** | 3 years personal property (12 V.S.A. § 512(5)); 6 years real property (§ 511) | 6 years (12 V.S.A. § 511) | 6 years (contract, § 511) | Enforceable but min 12 months from occurrence of loss (8 V.S.A. § 3663) | First-party bad-faith status unsettled (Bushey v. Allstate, 1995 adopted 'fairly debatable' test) | [Source 1](https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/12/023/00512), [Source 2](https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/12/023/00511), [Source 3](https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/08/101/03663) (not confirmed from text) |
| **Virginia** | 5 years (Va. Code § 8.01-243(B)) | 3 years (unsigned/oral) / 5 years (written, signed) (Va. Code § 8.01-246(2),(4)) | N/A — no tort; § 38.2-209 attorney fees only | 2 years from inception of loss in standard fire policy (Va. Code § 38.2-2105) | No first-party bad faith tort (A&E Supply v. Nationwide, 4th Cir. 1986) | [Source 1](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter4/section8.01-243/), [Source 2](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter4/section8.01-246/), [Source 3](https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title38.2/chapter21/section38.2-2105/) |
| **Washington** | 3 years (RCW 4.16.080(1)-(2)) | 3 years (oral, RCW 4.16.080(3)) / 6 years (written, RCW 4.16.040(1)) | 3 years (tort/IFCA, RCW 4.16.080(2)) / 4 years CPA (RCW 19.86.120) | Enforceable but min 1 year from date of loss for property policies (RCW 48.18.200(1)(c)) | IFCA RCW 48.30.015 treble damages; 20-day pre-suit notice | [Source 1](https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=4.16.080), [Source 2](https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=4.16.040), [Source 3](https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=19.86.120), [Source 4](https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=48.18.200) |
| **West Virginia** | 2 years (W. Va. Code § 55-2-12(a)) | 10 years written / 5 years oral (W. Va. Code § 55-2-6) | 1 year for UTPA § 33-11-4(9) claims (§ 55-2-12(c); Noland v. Va. Ins. Reciprocal, 2009); Hayseeds damages ride with contract | 12 months from inception of loss (1943 NY standard fire policy adopted by § 33-17-2) | Hayseeds v. State Farm (1986) attorney fees/aggravation; § 33-11-4a limits third-party claims | [Source 1](https://code.wvlegislature.gov/55-2-12/), [Source 2](https://code.wvlegislature.gov/55-2-6/), [Source 3](https://code.wvlegislature.gov/33-17-2/) |
| **Wisconsin** | 6 years (Wis. Stat. § 893.52) | 6 years (Wis. Stat. § 893.43) | 3 years likely (tort; § 893.53 cut 6→3 yrs by 2017 Act 235, eff. 4/2018); pre-2018 accruals 6 yrs | 12 months from inception of the LOSS for fire/windstorm/hail policies (§ 631.83(1)(a)); other lines min 1 yr (§ 631.83(1)(d)) | 'Inception of the loss' = date loss occurs, not discovery (Borgen, 1993) | [Source 1](https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/631.83), [Source 2](https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/893.52), [Source 3](https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/893.53) |
| **Wyoming** | 4 years (W.S. § 1-3-105(a)(iv)) | 8 years (oral) / 10 years (written) (W.S. § 1-3-105(a)(i)-(ii)) | 4 years (tort; § 1-3-105(a)(iv)(C)) | Enforceable (no statutory floor located) | McCullough v. Golden Rule (1990); no statutory punitive cap | [Source](https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title01.pdf) |

---

## Key Observations

### Shortest SOLs (Property/Bad Faith)
1. **West Virginia** - 1 year for UTPA (§ 33-11-4(9)) bad-faith claims (§ 55-2-12(c)); property tort is 2 years
2. **Montana** - 1 year for third-party UTPA claims; 2 years for insureds (§ 33-18-242(8)); 2 years for injury to property (§ 27-2-207)
3. **2-year property tort**: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Florida (negligence, post-3/24/2023), Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana (losses on/after 7/1/2024), Montana, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, West Virginia; 2 years for personal property only in Delaware, Indiana, Vermont; Connecticut is 2 years from discovery with a 3-year repose (§ 52-584)
4. **2-year bad faith**: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Indiana, Louisiana, Montana (UTPA), Oklahoma, Oregon (Moody), Pennsylvania, Texas
5. **Louisiana** no longer has a 1-year tort period — C.C. art. 3493.1 (Acts 2024 No. 423) sets 2 years for damage sustained on/after 7/1/2024

### Longest SOLs
1. **10-year written contract**: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky (contracts executed after 7/15/2014, KRS 413.160), Louisiana, Rhode Island, West Virginia, Wyoming; Missouri applies 10 years only to writings for payment of money (RSMo 516.110)
2. **Kentucky** - 15 years applies only to written contracts executed before 7/15/2014 (KRS 413.090(2)); modern policies are 10 years
3. **Rhode Island** - 10 years for property damage and bad faith (§ 9-1-13(a) catch-all); the 3-year period covers injuries to the person only
4. **6-year property tort**: Indiana (real property), Maine, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Oregon (§ 12.080(3)-(4)), South Dakota, Vermont (real property), Wisconsin
5. **Ohio** written contract is now 6 years (was 8; SB 13, eff. 6/16/2021) and **Montana** is now 6 years (was 8; Ch. 174, L. 2025)

### States WITHOUT First-Party Bad Faith Tort
- **District of Columbia** (Choharis) — contract, 3 years
- **Georgia** — statutory § 33-4-6 penalty only, rides with the 6-year contract action
- **Illinois** (Cramer) — § 155 is a penalty, not an independent cause of action
- **Kansas** (Spencer) — K.S.A. 40-256 / 40-908 fee shifting only
- **Maine** (Marquis) — 24-A M.R.S. § 2436-A interest and fees only
- **Michigan** (Kewin) — MCL 500.2006 12% penalty interest; Commercial Union is a third-party case
- **Minnesota** — § 604.18 taxable costs, no independent tort
- **Missouri** (Overcast) — § 375.420 vexatious refusal is the remedy
- **New Hampshire** (Lawton) — contract, 3 years
- **New York** (Rocanova; Bi-Economy consequential damages) — contract, 6 years
- **Tennessee** — § 56-7-105 25% penalty only
- **Utah** (Beck) — contract only, 3 years from inception of loss (§ 31A-21-313)
- **Virginia** (A&E Supply) — § 38.2-209 attorney fees only
- **Vermont** — status doubtful: Bushey v. Allstate (1995) adopted a "fairly debatable" bad-faith test; the Wilder "no tort" characterization should be verified before relying on it

Note: **New Jersey** DOES recognize first-party common-law bad faith (Pickett v. Lloyd's, 1993) — only the UCSPA lacks a private action. **South Carolina** DOES recognize a common-law bad-faith tort (Nichols v. State Farm, 1983) — Masterclean bars only the statutory UCPA action.

### Special Policy Suit Limitation

**States that VOID contractual shortening of the statutory period**
- **Arkansas** — § 23-79-202(b) (5-year written-contract period governs)
- **Colorado** — § 10-4-110.8(12), homeowner policies issued/renewed on/after 1/1/2014
- **Florida** — § 95.03; but § 627.70132 notice of claim within 1 year of loss (18 months supplemental) is the practical cutoff
- **Maryland** — Ins. § 12-104
- **Mississippi** — § 15-1-5
- **Missouri** — RSMo 431.030
- **Montana** — MCA 28-2-708
- **Nebraska** — § 44-357 (no shorter than statutory period)
- **North Dakota** — § 9-08-05 (unless statute permits)
- **South Dakota** — SDCL 53-9-6 (unless statute authorizes)

**Statutory floors / fixed suit periods (measured from inception of loss unless noted)**
- **12 months**: California (§ 2071; 24 months for declared-emergency losses; tolled notice→denial per Prudential-LMI), Idaho (§ 41-2401), Illinois (215 ILCS 5/397; tolled proof of loss→denial, 5/143.1), Iowa (§ 515.109), New Hampshire (RSA 407:22), New Jersey (17:36-5.20; tolled per Peloso), Pennsylvania (40 P.S. § 636(2)), Vermont (8 V.S.A. § 3663, from occurrence), West Virginia (§ 33-17-2), Wisconsin (§ 631.83(1)(a) fire/windstorm/hail; 1 yr other lines)
- **1 year from loss (property policies)**: Arizona (§ 20-1115(A)(3)), Michigan (MCL 500.2833(1)(q); tolled notice→denial), Oklahoma (36 O.S. § 3617(3)), Washington (RCW 48.18.200(1)(c)); Kentucky 1 year from accrual (KRS 304.14-370)
- **2 years / 24 months**: Connecticut (§ 38a-307), Louisiana (R.S. 22:868(B)), Maine (24-A § 2433; § 3002), Massachusetts (c. 175 § 99), Minnesota (§ 65A.01 subd. 3), New York (Ins. Law § 3404(e)), Oregon (ORS 742.240), Rhode Island (§ 27-5-3), Texas (CPRC § 16.070(a)), Virginia (§ 38.2-2105)
- **3 years**: North Carolina (§ 58-44-16; § 1-52(12)), Utah (§ 31A-21-313; policy may not shorten)
- **Hawaii** — HRS § 431:10-221 floor reported but text not retrieved; verify
- Remaining states: no statutory floor located; 1-2 year clauses generally enforceable

---

## SOL Accrual Rules

| Rule | States | Description |
|------|--------|-------------|
| **Occurrence Rule** | Most states | SOL runs from date of loss |
| **Discovery Rule** | CT (§ 52-584, with 3-yr repose), others by case law | SOL runs from discovery of damage |
| **Inception of the Loss** | CA § 2071, CT § 38a-307, IA § 515.109, NC § 1-52(12), UT § 31A-21-313, WI § 631.83, standard fire policy states | Suit period runs from the date the loss occurs, not discovery (Borgen, Wis. 1993) |
| **Tolling Notice → Denial** | CA (Prudential-LMI), IL (5/143.1), MI (500.2833(1)(q)), NJ (Peloso) | Suit period suspended from claim notice/proof of loss until written denial |
| **Denial Rule** | Some states by case law | SOL runs from claim denial |

Correction: Wisconsin § 631.83 runs from the **inception of the loss**, NOT from policy inception.

---

## Citation Notes

| State | Key Statute/Case |
|-------|------------------|
| AL | § 6-2-38(l); Chavers v. National Security Fire (§ 6-5-370 is a general tort-remedy section, not the bad-faith statute) |
| AK | AS 09.10.070; State Farm v. Nicholson |
| AZ | A.R.S. § 12-542; § 20-1115(A)(3); Noble v. National American |
| AR | § 16-56-105, § 16-56-111; § 23-79-202 |
| CA | CCP §§ 337-339; Ins. Code § 2071; Gruenberg v. Aetna; Prudential-LMI |
| CO | C.R.S. § 13-80-101/-102; § 10-3-1116; § 10-4-110.8(12); Rooftop Restoration |
| CT | C.G.S. §§ 52-576, 52-577, 52-584; § 42-110g(f); § 38a-307 |
| DE | 10 Del. C. §§ 8106, 8107; Tackett v. State Farm |
| DC | D.C. Code § 12-301; Choharis v. State Farm |
| FL | § 95.11; § 95.03; § 624.155; § 627.70132 |
| GA | O.C.G.A. §§ 9-3-24, 9-3-30; § 33-4-6 |
| HI | HRS §§ 657-1, 657-7; Best Place v. Penn America |
| ID | Idaho Code §§ 5-216, 5-218, 5-224; § 41-2401 |
| IL | 735 ILCS 5/13-205, 13-206; 215 ILCS 5/155, 5/143.1; Cramer |
| IN | IC 34-11-2-4, -7, -11; Erie v. Hickman |
| IA | Iowa Code § 614.1; § 515.109 |
| KS | K.S.A. 60-511 to 60-513; 40-256; 40-908; Spencer v. Aetna |
| KY | KRS 413.120, 413.160; 446.070; 304.14-370; Wittmer v. Jones |
| LA | C.C. arts. 3493.1, 3499; R.S. 22:1892 (Act No. 3, 2024; 22:1973 repealed); R.S. 22:868(B) |
| ME | 14 M.R.S. § 752; 24-A §§ 2433, 2436-A, 3002; Marquis |
| MD | CJP § 5-101, § 3-1701; Ins. § 12-104, § 27-1001 |
| MA | G.L. c. 260 §§ 2, 2A, 5A; c. 175 § 99; Chapter 176D/93A |
| MI | MCL 600.5805, 600.5807; 500.2006; 500.2833(1)(q); Kewin v. Mass. Mutual |
| MN | Minn. Stat. § 541.05; § 604.18; § 65A.01 |
| MS | § 15-1-49; § 15-1-5; Universal Life v. Veasley |
| MO | RSMo 516.110, 516.120; 375.420; 431.030; Overcast v. Billings Mutual |
| MT | MCA 27-2-202, -204, -207; 33-18-242(8); 28-2-708 |
| NE | § 25-205 to 25-207; § 44-357; Braesch |
| NV | NRS 11.190, 11.220; 686A.310; Pemberton v. Farmers |
| NH | RSA 508:4; RSA 407:22; Lawton |
| NJ | N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1; 17:36-5.20; Pickett v. Lloyd's; Peloso |
| NM | NMSA 37-1-3, 37-1-4; 59A-16-30; Sloan v. State Farm |
| NY | CPLR 201, 213, 214; Ins. Law § 3404(e); Rocanova; Bi-Economy |
| NC | G.S. 1-52; 58-44-16; 75-16.2 |
| ND | N.D.C.C. § 28-01-16; § 9-08-05; Corwin Chrysler-Plymouth |
| OH | R.C. 2305.06, 2305.07, 2305.09; Zoppo v. Homestead |
| OK | 12 O.S. § 95; 36 O.S. § 3617; Christian v. American Home |
| OR | ORS 12.080, 12.110; 742.240; Moody v. Oregon Community Credit Union |
| PA | 42 Pa. C.S. §§ 5524, 5525, 8371; 40 P.S. § 636; Ash; Terletsky |
| RI | R.I.G.L. § 9-1-13, § 9-1-33; § 27-5-3; Bibeault v. Hanover |
| SC | § 15-3-530; Nichols v. State Farm; Masterclean |
| SD | SDCL 15-2-13; 53-9-6; Champion v. USF&G |
| TN | T.C.A. §§ 28-3-105, 28-3-109; § 56-7-105 |
| TX | CPRC §§ 16.003, 16.004, 16.070; Ins. Code § 541.162 |
| UT | § 78B-2-305, -307, -309; § 31A-21-313; Beck v. Farmers |
| VT | 12 V.S.A. §§ 511, 512; 8 V.S.A. § 3663; Bushey v. Allstate |
| VA | § 8.01-243, § 8.01-246; § 38.2-209; § 38.2-2105; A&E Supply |
| WA | RCW 4.16.040, 4.16.080; 19.86.120; 48.18.200; 48.30.015 (IFCA) |
| WV | § 55-2-6, § 55-2-12; § 33-17-2; Hayseeds; Noland |
| WI | § 631.83; § 893.43, § 893.52, § 893.53; Borgen |
| WY | W.S. § 1-3-105; McCullough v. Golden Rule |

---

**Disclaimer:** This table is for reference only. SOLs change frequently. Always verify current law before relying on these deadlines. Policy suit limitation clauses may impose shorter deadlines where state law permits.

*Last Updated: August 2026 (verified against statute text)*